Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

Increment In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay Outrageous climate temperatures and increment in catastrophic events as of late have at long last made the strategy producers contemplate Climate change and Natural fiascos. The harsh audit and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes fourth (reconsidered) evaluation report in 2008 [A] had plainly expressed that expansion in catastrophic events because of environmental change will have antagonistic effects on social and monetary segments. The report which had announced that environmental change will cause increment in catastrophic events in coming years, has satisfied its forecast. As per UNISDR from year 2008-2011 catastrophic events have been liable for monetary harms worth 730 Billion USD, have antagonistically influenced 843 million individuals and slaughtered around 598,000 individuals around the globe. There has been an expansion of over half in the quantity of floods in the most recent decade in contrast with the 1990s and likewise the event of all out catastrophic e vents has additionally expanded in the course of the most recent decade. [Error: Reference source not found] The expansion in both the power and recurrence of floods in the course of the most recent decade includes raised worries inside improvement organizations, governments and local co-activities; cataclysmic event the board has picked up need among all partners. In 2005 U.N made The Hyogo Framework for Action [B] ; a worldwide outline for fiasco hazard decrease endeavors with a ten-year plan, the system was received in January 2005 by 168 governments at the U.N World Conference on Disaster Reduction. [2]Although every one of the 168 nations accepted the structure on a fundamental level, anyway there has been minimal done to lessen nursery emanations or adjust catastrophe hazard decrease procedures no matter how you look at it. So also because of the December 2004 torrent and the seismic tremor of December 2005 in South Asia, a Special Session of the SAARC Environment Ministers (Mal㠩, 25 June 2005) received the Mal㠩 Declaration on an aggregate reaction to enormous scope cataclys mic events. A SAARC Disaster Management Center (SDMC) was built up in New Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was made to give strategy counsel and encourage limit building including vital learning, research, preparing, framework advancement, skill advancement and trade of data for powerful debacle chance decrease and the board. [3] Policy making has additionally been actuated at the state level, for instance the legislature of Queensland in Australia has stepped up to the plate on a state level of making an arrangement structure to diminish and handle cataclysmic events. The structure called the Disaster Management Strategy Policy system incorporates Research, Policy and Governance, Risk Assessment, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Relief and Recovery, Post-Disaster Assessment. [4] One may be of the sentiment that fiasco occasions are probabilistic occasions and their event must be determined on a likelihood premise and there will never be a way out from their devastation. Anyway it is essential to comprehend the outcomes of the event and what should be possible to enable the influenced people to defeat the catastrophe cataclysmic events cause. Examination has appeared in spite of the size of the debacle, a blend of national and universal strategy can help avert malady and demise in nations with working governments. This writing audit examines past examinations led on the financial effect of floods in setting to Gender. The 2010 floods in Pakistan The topographical division of the Australian government characterizes floods as the covering of typically dry land by water that has gotten away or been discharged from the ordinary limits of: any lake, or any stream, spring or other common conduit, regardless of whether changed or adjusted; or any store, waterway, or dam. [4]Floods essentially sway the human network either straightforwardly through contact with the water or by implication through the harm the water does to the common and human manufactured condition. [5] Localized floods can significantly affect people groups physical and psychological well-being. [6] The 2010 rainstorm floods were perhaps the biggest flood throughout the entire existence of Pakistan causing exceptional harm and slaughtering in excess of 1,700 individuals. The floods influenced more than, 20 million individuals, immersed right around one fifth of the countrys land and made loss of billions of dollars through harms framework, lodging, farming and domesticated animals, and other family resources. [8]The World Bank and Asian Development Bank evaluated that the flooding had caused the economy $9.7 billion in misfortunes. [9] Cases of ailing health, gastroenteritis, loose bowels, skin contaminations, cholera, typhoid, jungle fever, and hepatitis were accounted for. Food costs significantly expanded after the flooding, putting a financial strain on the whole populace. The southern region of Sindh was hit intensely by the floods, it was accounted for that almost Seven million individuals were influenced by floods in the region; thousands were caught by rising waters and had been needing help. Our investigation locale the southern region of Thatta was influenced in a calamitous way by the floods, as the progression of the rising waters contacted 9,50,000 cusecs the weak dykes worked to ensure the regions people flooded making the two banks of the Indus River flood causing tremendous measure of demolition. At the hour of flooding the state hardware which included both the commonplace and central government alongside numerous worldwide and national NGOs drove the aid ventures and had the option to dodge the event of any bigger disaster, for example, far spread yearning or starvation. Anyway as of late nonstop demonstrations of fear based oppression have kept the legislature distracted with issues of open wellbeing and security, this has redirected the administrations consideration from institutional change to issues of impromptu nature. The nearness of situational challenges has diminished state ability to gainfully offer essential types of assistance for which assets had just been insufficient. This has constrained governments reaction to cataclysmic events generally to needs appraisal and quick help tasks. The evaluations have ordinarily centered around direct harms of capital resources which incorporates number of passings and wounds, harms to structures and open foundation, loss of yield and domesticated animals. Evaluations of debacle impacts on social divisions, for example, wellbeing and instruction are likewise constrained to the estimation of harms to class and medical clinic structures, the appraisals will in general overlook the drawn out effects on the wellbeing and training levels of the influenced people. Long haul appraisals of social parts is basic considerably more so for a nation like Pakistan as it as of now battles with low social improvement pointers, positioning 145 out of 187 [C] countries in the Human Development Index and a Gender Development Index (GDI) positioning of 120 out of 146 [D] countries. Ways to deal with measure effect of catastrophic events Specialists over the world have utilized assorted ways to deal with decide the effect of floods. In Pakistan the EU has recently utilized the EMMA (Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis), which is a quick market examination intended to be utilized in the transient consequence of an abrupt beginning emergency. A superior comprehension of the most basic markets in a crisis circumstance empowers chiefs (contributors, NGOs, government, other philanthropic entertainers) to think about a more extensive scope of reactions. The point of the methodology is to check and comprehend the structure and working of key markets for the time being with the goal that prompt recuperation programs are in reliable to the on the ground circumstance. In spite of the fact that the examination is valuable in giving prompt help, anyway the methodology doesn't think about the drawn out impacts of the debacle. [10] In like manner another methodology which can assist givers with focusing on their recovery endeavors is ECLAC, ECLACs system is identified with post fiasco assessment; it centers around restoration and recovery. It advocates utilizing a dynamic and sectoral point of view that empowers the analysts to compute future misfortunes inferred by the devastation of beneficial structures and relinquishments of business openings and its center/long haul impacts in various terms. The system intends to empower its clients to attempt to characterize if and which kind of global collaboration the network influenced needs. Albeit exact information on different sectoral harms and misfortunes, present and future, endured by the networks empowers the catastrophe alleviation organizations to execute progressively explicit recovery ventures, anyway utilization of a full scale point of view to check the harms and gives misfortunes in money related terms forgets about the effect on social divisions and mai nly centers around monetary expenses. [11] In a Flood-site venture report on the Mulde River in Germany the analysts have taken the base up point of view to dissect social defenselessness presented by floods. The procedure tries to arrange the conditions that make an individual or a network powerless and research how a few gatherings in these conditions may be more helpless than others. The scientists who characterize social helplessness as the qualities of an individual or gathering as far as their ability to foresee, adapt to, oppose, and recoup from the effect of a characteristic risk principally center around how networks and social gatherings can manage the effects of a characteristic peril. The methodology gives significant knowledge into the elements of social capital, however needs detail of sectoral evaluations. [12] Alongside all around focused projects it is significant that recuperation programs are practical. In Sudan, AIACC has utilized an exploration strategy dependent on the practical job reasonable structure; the examination technique plans to assess the presentation of economical work and natural administration measures. Worldwide Institute for Sustainable Develo

Exegesis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis Paper - Essay Example When it was composed? The response to this inquiry isn't exactly as totally unsure as that identifying with creation. There is likewise vulnerability with respect to the specific date of the composition of Hebrews. Various references to the sanctuary of Jerusalem appear to put the date of composing before the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, (Heb. 10:11; 13:10-11). So around A.D. 66 appears the most good date. The real spot of composing is hazy. The main hint we have for a response to this inquiry is found in Hebrew 13:24 †â€Å"They of Italy salute you.† The Greek word deciphered â€Å"of† is â€Å"apo†, which implies â€Å"from†. So the reference could mean either that the author was in Italy or that he was sending welcoming back to Italy from certain Italians who were with him. Structure and parallelism The book of Hebrews involves a significant spot in the Scriptures. It is the Spirit’s analysis on the Pentateuch, particularly the book of Levi ticus. The author utilizes the Old Testament Scriptures all through, making in any event eighty-six direct references, detectable to at any rate one hundred Old Testament sections. Jews clarifies the importance and hugeness of the entire Jewish custom. It clarifies that all the formal laws given in the Old Testament, for example, the contributions of penances and the ministrations of the clerics were nevertheless sorts pointing forward to Christ, the incredible penance for transgression, the genuine Priest the one Mediator among God and man.  Literary Criticism Form Criticism and Redaction Criticism The subject which is examined at the best length in the Epistle to the Hebrews is that of Christ as High Priest. The following six sections (5 †10) are immersed with the thought. The entry before paves the way to part four and matches with for it doesn't influence the section. The scholarly type of Hebrews will be Hebrews has generally been portrayed as an epistle or letter. It sh ows up in the New Testament in the assortment of letters. It works as a pivot associating the 13 Pauline letters and the 7 general or Catholic Epistles. Notwithstanding, Hebrews comes up short on the essential fixings that distinguished antiquated letters. There is no notice of writer, no notice of addressees, no welcome, no thanksgiving segment and no petition for the perusers in the initial lines. The end sections of Hebrews 13 do mirror the customary manner by which a letter should close. Jews is regularly contrasted and Romans. Jews presents the Person of salvation; Romans presents the method of salvation. The book of Hebrews centers around the stylized law of the Old Testament; and thinks about to Romans, on the ethical law of time. â€Å"Romans moves from law to effortlessness, and Hebrews, from shadow to substance. The redaction analysis of this entry shows that with respect to the Old Testament Leviticus is the book of the agreement of the Law and Romans which is correspond ing to Hebrews gives us Gods beauty and kindness. Substance The watchword of this Epistle is â€Å"better†. It happens multiple times in the thirteen parts. Christ is appeared as superior to holy messengers (cc1-2), superior to Moses (c.3), superior to Joshua (c.4), superior to Aaron (cc.5-10).Christianity is proclaimed to be a superior agreement (c.8) It offers a superior rest, a better brotherhood, a superior special stepped area, a superior penance. The topic of the book is the prevalence of Christianity over Judaism. All around it is a superior religion. The importance of the word â€Å"

How to Use Your Universitys Career Center to Find a Job

How to Use Your University’s Career Center to Find a Job Do you remember the first time you laid eyes on the university where you will spend four years â€" give or take â€" acquiring knowledge that you will later on use when you venture out into the world and try to make it on your own? Do you still remember the thoughts that ran through your mind at that moment?If that time was too early for you to have a clear recollection of what your impressions were, then maybe you’d have better luck trying to recall the first day that you formally entered a class in that university. What did you think then? At that time, a million thoughts must have raced around in your head. (I know they did in mine!) There’s dread and uncertainty, particularly on what the next several years have in store for you within the portals of the university. There may also be some excitement mixed in there, because you are actually looking forward to the experiences that you will have as you move along.But I bet you couldn’t help but be more forward-looking. No matter how you may claim to be the type to live “in the moment”, and not really one to stress out over what will happen long into the future, I’m pretty sure that a part of you will still be wondering what will happen when your years at the university are up and you finally graduate. Sooner or later, you’re going to have to say goodbye to the university and start being an adult.“Adulting”, in this day and age, has become quite a very popular term, especially among millennials who are using the Internet. It basically means doing grown-up things; American Speech defined it as the act of behaving in an adult manner. You’re said to be adulating if you engage in activities that are clearly associated with adulthood or being a grown up.What are those things? It could be living independently or being on your own. Going away to college, for some, is considered as one of the first steps in adulting. But it could be something “more adult”, which often involves getting your first real job, earning your own money, taking care of your own finances, and basically being responsible for yourself.For college students, especially those who are about to graduate from university, the first real sign that they are adulting is when they get a job.This is where things get a bit tough. We all know that jobs don’t grow on trees; if they did, we’d all be gainfully employed. But there are still those who seem to be on a perpetual job hunt. Once they leave the university, they have to buck up and bravely press forward.But hold up! D oes it mean that, once you graduate, you should completely cut ties with your university, apart from potential alumni activities in the future?You probably could, and a good number of people do but you shouldn’t. In fact, you mustn’t. We’re here to talk about why that is so.And we can sum it up in two words: career centers.EXPLORING THE UNIVERSITY CAREER CENTERI’m willing to bet that a large percentage of university students and graduates are not even aware that they have a university career center.Or, even if they do, they have no clear idea what the university career center is for and what it can do for them. It’s time to shed light on that, don’t you think?What is a Career Center?It goes by several names, some of which you may be familiar with more than just a “career center”. It may be called a “career services office” or even a “career placement office”. Some institutions are more straightforward, dubbing it simply as a “career office”.Universities a nd colleges have a dedicated department, division or office, whose function is to provide a variety of services to help the university’s students â€" both current and alumni â€" to meet their career goals.What does a Career Center do?You’re probably familiar with a guidance counselor and what he does. Back in high school, you’ve probably had a few run-ins with your school’s guidance counselor. It is this impression that sticks to many people’s minds when they hear about career centers and the career counselors that work in them.Well, there are similarities, yes, but throw away any thoughts of a self-righteous and stern counselor. The career counselor is there to provide guidance specifically on your career prospects.The main areas of concern of career centers can be categorized broadly into the following:Career ExplorationWhen you were just a toddler and you first laid eyes on a fireman, you may have decided right there and then that you’ll also be one when you grow up. Don’t they look so cool, wearing their uniforms, riding on those impressive fire trucks like a boss, and looking all strong and heroic when they, say, save a cat trapped inside a sewer or carry a little child from a burning building?And then a couple of years later, when you met your doctor, you probably thought he was the coolest guy ever, and that white coat made him look so smart and powerful. You decided it would be a better idea to become a doctor instead of a fireman.What I’m getting at is this: no matter how you grew up thinking you want to be this, or even deciding that you will become like that in the future, there is no telling how the winds will change. Your decisions, which were probably made mostly based on a child’s whimsy, are bound to change. Most importantly, as you grew older, you realized that there are numerous career options other than being a fireman or a doctor.The problem is that, with so many possibilities, which one is right for you? Which direction s hould you even look into? You want to map out a plan for your future, but where do you even start?That requires some exploration on your part, and you are fully aware that you cannot do it alone. You’d probably enlist the help of your family members and relatives, and even discuss it with your closest friends. Another source of assistance would be your university career center.Career centers will provide you with the resources that you can use to explore the possibly occupations that are worth considering. One of the key features of career centers (aside from having career counselors, that is) is a library or, for those that are more digitally-equipped, databases containing information related to various careers and occupations.Your career exploration will involve discovering the possible jobs or occupations and the industries where they can be found, their respective job descriptions and the corresponding qualifications and other requirements that must be met, and the average ear nings you can expect to get should you choose that path.Often, they will also provide an outlook of the occupations, and this is particularly helpful, especially if you are still in your freshman year, and you are wondering whether the job you are eyeing will still be in demand when you graduate several years later.Career Decision-makingSo you’ve fully explored your options, and you are psyched that there are actually a lot of occupations that interest you, and seem to be a good fit for your personality. You are even confident that you are able to meet the requirements of these occupations.But here’s the rub: there are simply too many of them, and now you are confused as to which one you should go for. You are smart enough to realize that, after spending quite some time exploring your options, choosing one at random completely defeats the purpose of being careful about choosing your career path.Making decisions is no walk in the park. One wrong choice could change the course of your life forever, so you have to make sure you think long and hard about it. The good news is that you won’t have to do the long and hard thinking all by your lonesome, since you can also seek the aid of a career center.Career centers usually have self-assessment tools and career assessment methodologies that will test or evaluate the students in terms of their personalities, interests, values, and other factors that will come into play when it comes to deciding on an occupation or job.You may remember taking an exam back in high school, with the results telling you the possible academic majors that would be ideal for you when you go to college. You will also find those exams, and other similar career-related tests and surveys, being served in university career centers.Take note, however, that the career center will not make the decision for you. It will only provide you with the tools you will need to come up with an informed decision. You can choose to heed what the career coun selor recommends, or you can opt to pursue what you originally set out to do before you approached the career center.At the end of the day, it is up to you to decide which career path to take.Recruitment or PlacementThis is one of the more known services provided by career centers, most likely because this is what most graduates and students are concerned about: how to find a job.These days, you will now find university career centers that actively provide opportunities to connect undergrads and graduates with employers and recruiters, whether through career fairs and networking events or direct job ads.The University of California Berkeley Career Center, for example, features “Handshake”, which it describes as its “fast and powerful recruiting platform for UC Berkeley students and alumni”. It even maintains a Job Search facility in its website, as well as a dedicated page where employers interested to hire UC Berkeley graduates (and undergrads for internships) may do so.Thi s service also covers the stages of the job recruitment process, where they will equip you with tools and tips that will hone your job search skills. In addition, you may also learn how to better present yourself when going to a job interview so you can impress the recruiters or the employers themselves. The career center can even help you write a winning resume and cover letter!We will be discussing these in greater detail as we move along.CAREER CENTER SERVICES TO HELP YOU FIND A JOBMore than just a provider of information, career centers in universities, colleges and other educational institutions have a lot more to offer to undergraduates, post-graduate students, and alumni.I encourage you to do a quick online search and check out the career centers of various universities, so you can get a rough idea on what these offerings are. Special mentions go to the website of UC Berkeley, Colorado State University, the University of Kansas, and the University of Michigan.Career centers e verywhere share the same objective: to help students achieve their goals in their careers, and that has a lot to do with finding a job that will let them establish and nurture a successful career. Sure, they can put it in different words and phrase it differently, but the underlying objective remains the same.This is why you should not declare yourself to be completely done with the university once you have graduated. In fact, even when you’re still in school, earning your degree, it’d be a great idea to start tapping into the offerings of your university’s career center. It’s one of the perks of being part of that educational institution, so you’d definitely be wise to take advantage of it.Now we will look at the services offered by these career centers, and gain an understanding of how they can help pave your way towards the career that you want for yourself in the future.Self-Assessment and EvaluationEverything begins within you, so when you start exploring your options , you should first know yourself. If it’s your first time going to your career center, and your purpose is to find out which career is most suitable for you, you may find yourself bombarded with a lot of tests and survey forms to fill out.Don’t shirk them, because your answers may just be the thing that will tell you which career path is the most ideal for you.You may also find yourself having a casual conversation with a career center staff; technically, that conversation is already a counseling session AND an interview where he will start gathering information about you, such as your interests, preferences, personality, and even your dreams and aspirations.Going in, you may already have a rough idea in your head what you want to be, and how you’d go about it. With the help of a career center, however, that rough idea may become clearer, slowly taking coherent shape, until such time that you are actually looking at a feasible plan for your future, particularly when it comes t o your potential career.Application ProcessingThis covers the steps usually taken by anyone who is going to apply for a job. You’re lucky if your curriculum had courses exclusively dedicated to recruitment processes, preparing you for when you go out there to get a job.These days, most things are done by “looking it up online”. So if you try to search for “how to write your resume” or “how to write a cover letter”, you’re bound to come up with a lot of sources that will teach you how to go about it. Some are good, others are… not so much.There is nothing wrong with taking that route. In fact, there are a lot of reliable sources online for those kinds of things. But there is still a lot of comfort and assurance to be had if you are getting guidance on these things from an expert or trusted authority, on a face-to-face basis.So what type of assistance can you get from a career services office when it comes to undergoing the often long and tedious process of applying for a job?Resume and Cover Letter WritingWait, you might be asking, “isn’t this too basic to be seeking help from a career counselor?” News flash: when it comes to something as important as employment or a career, nothing is too basic or too simple.There should be no room for doing things by half measures; you though you knew everything about writing a cover letter and creating an outstanding resume? Well, you might still learn a thing or two from a career counselor.Maybe you have the technical side of things down pat. What you can get from the career counselors are more tips on how to make your resume more attractive, especially if you do not really have a lot of outstanding credentials. (And if that is the case, believe me when I say that you’d really need all the help you can get!)Job Interview PreparationShort of spending quite a large amount of money and going to a personality development school so you can improve your speaking and interviewing skills, you can actually save that money and go to a career center instead. See if your university’s career center conducts workshops and sessions where you can hone your communication skills, in preparation for going to a job interview.In some cases, career counselors even conduct one-on-one mock job interviews just to give you a taste of what the real thing might be. They may also give you tips on how to answer specific types of questions, what to do, what not to do, even on what to wear and what to avoid taking with you during your interview.On-Campus RecruitmentWhen you visited the university career web pages I cited earlier, you must have noticed that they had job listings on the site, whether they are permanent or temporary, or whether they are full-time or part-time. That is because career centers also conduct on-campus recruiting.On-campus recruitment is the recruitment method where employers will seek potential hires (employees) or interns right within the campus or university premises, targeting the university students.This is a practice mostly conducted by large companies. An excellent example is Google, which has a wide diversity of hiring programs. On average, a campus recruiting season results in more than 20% of new hires into the Google. They also actively seek and invite tech students into their offices for a “real-life experience at a tech company”.How do career centers support campus recruitment? Here are some of the more commonly used techniques:Career fairsA career fair is one of the many events that are organized and conducted by career centers. These events bring students and employers together in one place where they can freely interact and connect.Usually, the setting is quite informal and relaxed. The employers will be presenting the job and internship opportunities in their companies or organizations. If you look at the Spring Semester schedule for 2017 of UC Berkeley, you will find several career and job fairs already scheduled, including a Spring Car eer Fair for Engineering, Business, Public Service and Tech majors, and an Internship and Summer Job Fair for all majors.These career fairs are not limited to undergraduate students only, since career centers may also conduct graduate and professional school fairs, geared towards alumni of the university.Career fairs are perfect venues to find the job you’ve been looking for. But it can be quite confusing, especially when we’re talking about dozens of employers lined up with what look like a flood of job opportunities that might just drown you in confusion. To get the most out of these career fairs, here are some quick tips:Bring multiple copies of your resume. You will be meeting dozens and dozens of potential employers during the Fair, so it doesn’t make sense to bring only one or two copies, does it? Reproduce your resume so you can submit it to as many as you possible.Prepare to be hired. Go there with the mindset that, at the end of the day, you will leave the fair with a job. Or, at least, the potential of getting one. Therefore, you have to come to the Career Fair prepared and ready.Find out beforehand the employers who will be participating in the career fair. The career center will have a list of these employers, as well as some background information on them. But don’t stop there. If you have more time, it won’t hurt to do a little bit more research.Budget your time. You may not have all day to spend at the Career Fair, especially if you have classes in between. Therefore, you have to identify the employers that you are most interested in, so you can prioritize accordingly. You may have to cross some of them out of the list, especially if you are pressed for time and you know you won’t be able to go through all of them within the limited amount of time that you have.Look presentable. Yes, you are still a student, but that is not an excuse to be sloppy and too casual about how you look or dress. It may not be a formal job interview, but it is still going to be an interview about getting a job, so you still have to look business-like, if not presentable. Dress appropriately and comfortably. Try to look neat and put together. Check your personal hygiene.Always put your best foot forward. Be courteous and polite. Speak clearly when making your career pitch. Be friendly but not overly familiar. At the end of the interview, a firm handshake and a thank you will go a long way. You should also ask for his or her card, so you can send a thank you note later on (and also establish contact with the representative and, in turn, the company).Pay attention. You don’t know what you’ll miss if you’re too easily distracted. Take notes, especially when the employer or recruiter is saying something important; it may come in handy later on. Ask questions if there is something you are curious about. This curiosity, when shown properly and at the right time, is bound to make the employers remember you.Employer Information SessionsO ften conducted in conjunction with career fairs, these information sessions are basically forums where the employers conduct a presentation of job opportunities and other relevant information to university students.What makes it slightly different from a career fair is the level of formality. While career fairs are largely informal, these info sessions often require attendees to be in professional attire of “business casual” dress.There are no job interviews conducted here, though. It is mostly for information dissemination, where students can also ask questions directly to the employers. If there is a career fair coming up, and you hear that a company you are interested in interviewing for is having an info session, that is the perfect opportunity to do your “research” on that company, so you’ll be more prepared when the day of the career fair comes.Networking EventsThese events can come in the form of tours and mixers.For example, the CSU Career Center has lined up a ser ies of industry tours, where students who want to work in a specific industry will go on a day tour to various companies or organizations for an opportunity to network and learn more about the industry or field. Examples are tours for the Health and Wellness, Law and Public Service, and Sustainability and Environment Industries.Mixers, on the other hand, are often organized through the collaboration of the Career Center and a company or organization for university students who will get to mix and mingle with actual managers and employers of the company for networking purposes.These networking events could also be between students and alumni, who will then provide valuable tips and insights on career-building. Who knows? You may learn about a wonderful job opportunity from an alumnus during one of these mixers!Credential ManagementDid you know that many career centers also help students manage their credentials? This is especially seen in the case of faculty recommendation letters.Le t’s say, for example, that you need a boost in your application to a specific company, and you know that a letter of recommendation from your former professors is going to provide it, you can request the Career Center to send copies of the letters that they have on your file to that company.Yes, career centers may also maintain these types of files, so when you don’t have copies, you can run to them for help.InternshipsYou might be wondering why we’re including internships here when we’re supposed to be talking about actual, paying jobs. Well, internships are also seen these days as major stepping stones towards a career. In fact, you’ll have greater chances of being hired in a company if you did an internship with them before.Internships are excellent for building your resume while doing a test drive, so to speak. You’re basically going to get a feel of an actual working environment at the same time that you are gaining professional experience. This is also a great way for you to assess whether that is the career path that you really want to continue on.Building a successful career is often a long and difficult process. And it’s not an uphill climb the whole way, either. It is gratifying to know, however, that there are many aids and tools that are in our disposal to let us continue the climb, if only we know where to look.So the next time you’re browsing your university website, or you’re walking on campus and you passed by the Career Services Office, don’t ignore it, especially if you are looking for a job. You won’t know what you’re missing if you do.BEFORE WE GO… OTHER OPTIONS YOU SHOULD CONSIDERYour university’s career center is not the only “aid” that you can get assistance from when it comes to finding a job and getting a jumpstart on your career. There are other options you should utilize, if you want to increase your chances of landing a good job.Professional organizationsIf you belong to a certain profession, there ar e sure to be professional organizations that you can join. Find out what they are and choose which ones are the best to be affiliated with.Being a member of these professional organizations is a good networking move. For one, you are letting everyone know that you do belong in that profession, and you’ve met the requirements and possess the credentials that qualified you for membership.Another thing: professional organizations also make it a point to help their own, so they also have their own job listings and other similar opportunities available, and the first to get wind of these opportunities are the members. Now, will you let that chance slip?Alumni databaseYou already know that, if you want to widen your network, you should connect with alumni, or former students of the university. Not only will they give you valuable advice and tips, but they may also connect you with various companies and other job opportunities. Therefore, make the university’s alumni database work for you.Another way for you to do that is to be included in the alumni database and make sure to keep your data updated. You see, many employers also look into these databases for potential hires, and if you keep your records up to date, you have greater chances of being noticed.What if Google spots you on the database, likes what it sees, calls you up using the number appearing on your file, and end up with the notification that your number is no longer in use because it’s the one you were using two years ago and you’ve changed your number since? That’ll be a crying shame, won’t it?Official introductions to companiesIf there is an opportunity to get an official introduction to a company, then take it. Even if it is not an info session or a mixer, even if it is not coursed through the Career Center, if you see an event where you can be up close and personal with a potential employer, go for it.But wait, you should still be professional about it. And that means, do not gatecrash. Attend only if it is open to anyone interested, or if you could get an invite (using non-nefarious means, if I may add). It may be because you know someone who knows someone in the company, or you could be really brave and directly ask to be invited.If and when you do get the chance, make sure to be on your best and most professional behavior, so you can make a good impression and increase your chances of gaining their favor when you get the opportunity to apply for a job with the company.

U.S. Constitution - Article I, Section 10

Article I, Section 10 of the United States Constitution plays a key role in the American system of federalism by limiting the powers of the states. Under the Article, the states are forbidden from entering into treaties with foreign nations; instead reserving that power to the President of the United States, with the approval of two-thirds of the U.S. Senate. In addition, the states are forbidden from printing or coining their own money and from granting titles of nobility. Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution limits the powers of the states by prohibiting them from entering into treaties with foreign nations (a power reserved to the president with the consent of the Senate), printing their own money, or granting titles of nobility.Like Congress, the states may not pass â€Å"bills of attainder,† laws declaring any person or group guilty of a crime without due process of law, â€Å"ex post facto laws,† laws that make an act illegal retroactively or laws that interfere with legal contracts.In addition, no state, without the approval of both houses of Congress, may collect taxes on imports or exports, raise an army or harbor warships in times of peace, nor otherwise declare or engage in war unless invaded or in imminent danger. Article I itself lays out the design, function, and powers of the Congress – the legislative branch of U.S. government – and established many elements the vital separation of powers (checks and balances) between the three branches of government. In addition, Article I describes how and when U.S. Senators and Representatives are to be elected, and the process by which Congress enacts laws. Specifically, the three clauses of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution do the following: Clause 1: the Obligations of Contracts Clause â€Å"No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.† The Obligations of Contracts Clause, typically called simply the Contracts Clause, prohibits the states from interfering with private contracts. While the clause might be applied to many types of common business dealings today, the framers of the Constitution intended it mainly to protect contracts providing for the payments of debts. Under the weaker Articles of Confederation, the states were allowed to enact preferential laws forgiving the debts of particular individuals. The Contracts Clause also prohibits the states from issuing their own paper money or coins and requires the states to use only valid U.S. money – â€Å"gold and silver Coin† – to pay their debts. In addition, the clause prohibits the states from creating bills of attainder or ex-post facto laws declaring a person or group of persons guilty of a crime and prescribing their punishment without the benefit of a trial or judicial hearing. Article I, Section 9, clause 3, of the Constitution similarly prohibits the federal government from enacting such laws. Today, the Contract Clause applies to most contracts such as leases or vendor contracts between private citizens or business entities. In general, the states may not obstruct or alter the terms of a contract once that contract has been agreed to. However, the clause applies only to the state legislatures and does not apply to court decisions. Clause 2: the Import-Export Clause â€Å"No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its [sic] inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul [sic] of the Congress.† Further limiting the powers of the states, the Export-Imports Clause prohibits the states, without the approval of the U.S. Congress, from imposing tariffs or other taxes on imported and exported goods in excess of the costs necessary for their inspection as required by state laws. In addition, the revenue raised from all import or export tariffs or taxes must be paid to the federal government, rather than the states. In 1869, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Import-Export Clause applies only to imports and exports with foreign nations and not to imports and exports between states. Clause 3: the Compact Clause â€Å"No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.† The Compact Clause prevents the states, without the consent of Congress, from maintaining armies or navies during a time of peace. Additionally, the states may not enter into alliances with foreign nations, nor engage in war unless invaded. The clause, however, does not apply to the National Guard. The framers of the Constitution were keenly aware that allowing military alliances between the states or between the states and foreign powers would seriously endanger the union. While the Articles of Confederation contained similar prohibitions, the framers felt that stronger and more precise language was needed to ensure the supremacy of the federal government in foreign affairs. Considering its need for it so obvious, the delegates of the Constitutional Convention approved the Compact Clause with little debate.

Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 - 1408 Words

INTRODUCTION Although there are many differences in the way a utopia is achieved and ultimately the way it falls apart, the peace and harmony desired for a utopia is the same. Each book portrays different societies. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† firemen are the people who have a job of hunting down and burning any books found in the community. In â€Å"The Giver,† there is no war, no crime committed, and no hunger. Every person has a job and a purpose. PARAGRAPH 1 Ray Bradbury portrays a dystopian vision in his novel â€Å"Fahrenheit 451.† Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian society which attempts to become a utopian society. This is difficult because the people in the community still question their own society, and some even still carry books in their homes illegally. The main purpose in this novel is to show how books are illegal and the people who are found with books in their homes, will have their homes burned down as well as them being arrested. No one is supposed to read books as it will make people start developing opinions. All this instead of putting out fires. This is an example of censorship. The government started banning books to protect the people from learning something new, but as time passed, the firemen used this system for control. The burning of the houses is a form of control, and the firemen only burn the houses during the night. This is an example of propaganda. By burning the houses at night, the fires burst s into the air becoming a show for the rest of theShow MoreRelatedRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511721 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature slowly disappear from the minds of the population? This is the question that Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, attempts to answer. In this book, he describes a hypothetical world in which the population not only avoids reading, but has made owning books an unthinkable crime, with all books discovered burned, along with the houses of those who hoarded them. In this dystopian future created by Bradbury, the beauty that is literature has been replaced in society by television programs andRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511358 Words   |  6 Pagesnotice them, books were outlawed, knowledge was forbidden, and memories were hard to come by? In the 1950 novel Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury presents a society which invokes much thought about the way we live in society today. It’s a story about a lifestyle in the future that has evolved from our present, but in seemingly different worlds. Through the protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury makes a wider point about the dangers that a society can present. The government of this future forbids itsRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511120 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuality suppression, and the ever-growing gap between upper and lower class. The United States is heading down the path of becoming a dystopian society. Citizens in the United States have the same general behavior as those in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451. This novel features a world where cars are fast, music is loud, and watching television is the main way to spend free time. People rarely make time for each other, rarely imagine and form their own opinions, and rarely take the timeRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512532 Words   |  11 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a magnificent masterpiece written to aid in visualizing what a distant future dystopian society would look like; one in which everyone lives in the fast lane, technology is at its crowning, void of human relations and instant satisfactions, as well as gratifications, are constantly being pursued. The novel was written during the era where communism and the holocaust began to sprout. Mr. Bradbury, being a patriot of his country, feared that society was leaning towardRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451976 Words   |  4 PagesGuy Mont age from Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 would be similar to life without a choice. Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 demonstrates how excessive use of technology affects a person’s relationship. Montage is the protagonist of the novel who is a fireman. Montage lives in a world where his job is to burn books, and initiate a fire. The government is trying to outlaw the use of books in the city. Bradbury portrays this new world through the character of Montage. Bradbury describes Montage’sRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512451 Words   |  10 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, is a prime example of social criticism. The story sets in the 24th century where people race jet cars; the author’s idea of the future. It shows a flawed social structure, controlled by the media and government with banning and burning of books, and suppressing society’s minds from history. Their logical thought was that it would keep society from thinki ng too much, which in turn would prevent bad thoughts, and to keep them â€Å"happy all the time†. The book tells a storyRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511410 Words   |  6 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953 by Ballantine Books, rose to fame quickly and surely as a grandfather of the dystopian genre. A year after its release, Greg Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction named the novel, â€Å"among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more† (Conklin). The Chicago Sunday Tribune s August Derleth called it a shockingly savage prophetic view of one possible future way of life, while honoring Bradbury in sight of his brilliantRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512323 Words   |  10 Pagesnot accepted, or even worse, a detached society where emotions no longer exist. By reading the first few pages of Fahrenheit 451, readers immediately get the feeling of a dystopian society. Firemen creating fires, instea d of extinguishing them, and technology that has taken their society to a whole new level of entertainment. These are exaggerated ideas right off the bat, yet Ray Bradbury carries the readers through the story in order to show them his own outlook on the future- in fact, all dystopianRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512071 Words   |  9 Pageslives? In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury depicts a society that is immersed in technology, which becomes an obsession for most of its people. Bradbury also describes the negative effects that come with this technology, especially losing essential human traits like communication and common sense. Finally, Bradbury sends the message that technology is so powerful that it not only controls certain people, but an entire society as well. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury describes the dangers

Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay Free Essays

string(129) " harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with squad members \( SPA 2001 \) \." 1.0 Introduction The best indicant to find the local prevalence of kids with developmental disablement is from international surveies which have suggested that more than 10 % of all kids in the universe have developmental disablement ( Amar 2008 ) . Using this rate to local population under 15 old ages old with the figure of 9. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million ( Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011 ) , approximative 920,000 kids with disablement would be found in Malaysia. Speech Language Pathologists ( SLPs ) play a important function in assisting the communicating development of individuals ( ASHA 2005 ) so that they are able to populate inclusively in society as stated in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 ( Government of Malaysia 2008 ) . In the mid-1990, merely less than five Speech Language Diagnosticians who trained overseas were working locally in Malaysia which ensuing of amazing 1: 2.5 million Speech Language Pathologist to people ratio ( Ahmad 2010 ) . Finally, formal local Speech Language Pathologist preparation started in the late 1990 ( Sharma 2008 ) . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) is the innovator to offer Bachelor of Speech Science with Honors while Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) began offering their Speech Pathology plan in 2004-2005. By 2011, more than 175 Speech Language Pathologists had graduated from the universities ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) and are functioning to the community in different scenes. Lian A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that the profession of Speech Language Pathologist is still in its babyhood phase in Malaysia. The profession still needs old ages to turn and maturate ( Kosta 2005 ) . Indeed, many Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians have indicated that they face great challenges to keep good profession patterns. The challenges are unfavourable working environment, deficit of Speech Language Pathologists, high caseload, small chances for go oning instruction and other factors ( Ahmad 2010 ; Sharma 2008 ) . Despite many challenges that affect Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns when pull offing instances, the balance between pragmatism and professionalism should be achieved in order to supply equity and quality of service proviso ( Ahmad 2010 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ( ASHA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) define Developmental Disability ( DD ) as terrible chronic conditions that occur in an single due to physical and or mental damage. Examples of developmental disablement are rational disablement such as Down ‘s syndrome, neuromuscular upsets such as intellectual paralysis, sightlessness, hearing damage, larning disablements, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) ( Decoufle et al. 1994 ) . The oncoming of the conditions is before 22 old ages of age and will normally stay throughout the person ‘s life-time. Peoples with developmental disablement have restrictions and jobs in his or her major functional life activities such as acquisition, working, walking, speech production and other countries ( ASHA 2005 A ; CDC 2011 ) . Paul ( 2001 ) described kids in the Developing Language Stage ( DLS ) as group of kids who are still at the period of larning to unite words into sentences and they have expressive vocabularies larger than 50 words. Developing Language Phase occurs between 2 and 5 old ages of age for typical developing kids. Another manner to depict Developing Language Stage is that it refers to linguistic communication degree in Brown ‘s Stage II-V. This indicated average lengths of vocalization ( MLU ) of more than two but less than five morphemes. The type of sentence produced by them are at the scope of additive simple sentences with outgrowth of grammatical morphemes, like â€Å" my cat ‘s feeding † to intensify sentences, like â€Å" I drink milk and daddy drink java † ( Shipley A ; McAfee 2009 ) . Developing Language Phase is the most explosive phase of linguistic communication development for kindergartner to develop from telegraphic vocalizations to basic sentence constructions ( Paul 2001 ) . For kids with developmental disablement, they needs appropriate intercession to travel through this phase ( Paul 2001 ; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence 2007 ; Law et al. 2010 ) . Hence, this is an of import passage gate for them to either remain at the same phase or to turn and come in the Language for Learning Stage. Malayan Speech Language Pathologists play great function to ease the acquisition of this group of kids. This is because mean caseload seen by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists particularly those who are working general infirmary consists of paediatric instances ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ; Sharma 2008 ) . From all the paediatric instance, Speech Language Disorder ( SLD ) is the most prevailing type of communicating damage seen by Speech Language Patholo gists in general infirmary ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) . Therefore, this survey will function as a mention for the professionals in address and linguistic communication pathology about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. Opinions and recommendations by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists sing the bing issues will besides be collected to give more in-depth apprehension about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Besides, this survey will supply feedbacks to the professional associations A ; universities about the development of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Clinical pattern guidelines related to communicating upset in kids are good documented by professional association from western states because they provide relevant statements sing clinical direction that are based on the available current groundss including adept clinical sentiments ( Hargrove et al. 2008 A ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The guidelines besides assist Speech Language Pathologists in clinical determination devising procedure and to supply high criterions of minimal best patterns services ( Hargrove et al. 2008 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Looking back to Malaysia, guideline constitution for the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology in the local context is still developing due to limited resources and work force. Based on the guidelines documented by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Royal College of Speech Language Therapists ( RCSLP ) , few common chief clinical procedures are highlighted and overly discussed to guarantee minimal best pat tern to be practiced by the Speech Language Pathologists. The procedures are attack used in direction, appraisal, planning and intervention ( ASHA 2005 ; Gerber A ; Prizant 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction could be delivered utilizing different attacks harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with squad members ( SPA 2001 ) . You read "Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" However, coaction that involves household centered, squad working and culturally appropriate services is able to guarantee effectual direction to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage ( ASHA 2005 ; Diane 2011 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Family-centered is a set of interrelated beliefs, rules and values that practiced by the facilitators including Speech Language Pathologists to back up and beef up the kid ‘s household capacity to heighten and advance his development and acquisition ( Dunst 2002 ) . Through working in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary squad, Speech Language Diagnosticians do n on provides services in isolation. Alternatively, this teaming establishes a joint intent and shared ends throughout the direction among the households, professionals and the kid ( ASHA 2005 ) . The cultural background of the households and the kid with Developmental Disability is really meaningful in service proviso particularly in Malaysia, a state which is good known by its multi-ethnicity, multi-cultures and multi-linguistics. Multicultural fluctuations that ever encountered by Speech Language Diagnosticians are values about acquisition, beliefs and perceptual experience about kid functions in the household, outlooks for child behaviour at different developmental degrees and household perceptual experiences and attitudes toward a â€Å" disablement † ( Diane A ; Froma 2011 ) . Assessment involves roll uping relevant informations about the kid ‘s conditions to make a diagnosing while diagnosing entails placing and understanding the jobs or shortages of the kid ( Paul 2001 ) . Both assessment and diagnosing are ongoing procedures because the diagnosing of the kid could alter over clip as the turning and development of him or her are besides ongoing ( Haynes A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . The chief grounds for appraisal are to get at a good apprehension of the kid ‘s job, to set up the baseline degree of operation, to ease ends be aftering for intercession and to mensurate the advancement of the kid in intervention ( Haynes A ; Pindzola 2004 ; Paul 2001 ) . Appraisal with kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is encouraged to see all relevant modes across different contexts utilizing appropriate appraisal tools ( Paul 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ; Haynes A ; Pindzola 2004 ) . In add-on, appraisal of developmental age or mental a ge is normally used by Speech Language Pathologists during diagnosing to qualify the kid ‘s functional accomplishments. But, many Speech Language Pathologists excessively have been discouraged to trust entirely on the usage of developmental age appraisal during diagnosing because it could non reflect the high variableness among the kids ( DeVeney et al. 2012 ) . Based on the assessment findings, the planning of intercession plan specifies the ends and the procedure of intercession by sing the kid ‘s damage, demands and outlooks ( Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The planning aims to place and develop meaningful and contributing acquisition environment for the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage in functional day-to-day activities ( ASHA 2005 ) . Hence, relevant and possible schemes, contexts, issues, result and timeline should be documented to ease the service provided by Speech Language Pathologists is coordinated, comprehensive and holistic ( Diane 2011 ; Paul 2001 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Speech Language Diagnosticians are strongly encouraged to follow Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) to help clinical determination ( ASHA 2005 ; Brankenbury 2008 ; Diane 2011 ; Johnson 2006 ; SPA 2001 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) encourages the Speech Language Patholog ists to take consideration of ( a ) current high-quality scientific research ; ( B ) Speech Language Pathologists expertness and experience ; and ( degree Celsius ) household ‘s penchants, values, and involvements ( Diane 2011 ) . It is an of import portion of effectual and ethical directions as it guides Speech Language Pathologists to extinguish methods which appear no or minimal clinical effects ( Brankenbury 2008 ; Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Evidence-Based Practice besides helps the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology to accomplish higher answerability and credibleness ( Johnson 2006 ) . Effective instruction techniques ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) are really of import to find the result of the intervention plan. There are three types ‘ of intercession methods that are didactic, realistic, and combination of didactic A ; realistic attacks ( Dunst et al. 2011 ; Law et al. 1999 ; Law 2003 ) . The classification of different type of intercession methods is non purposes for Speech Language Pathologists to take merely one method and utilize it systematically. In fact, it prepares a repertory of methods available for Speech Language Pathologists to fit the acquisition of the kid with the specific ends that have targeted ( Paul 2001 ) . In this manner, the efficiency of the intervention for the kid with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is maximized. Introduction of appropriate stuffs or activities ( ASHA 2005 ) , single acquisition environment ( ASHA 2005 ; Dunst et Al. 2011 ) , assistive engineerings ( Sandr a A ; Sahoby 2006 ) and Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems ( Millar et Al. 2006 ; Rose et Al. 1999 ) are all portion of duties of Speech Language Pathologists in giving intervention to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. These constituents facilitate the acquisition and growth of the kid in a familiar nature environment which is filled with synergistic communicating and societal routines/activities. Besides, the debut besides promotes the kid to generalise the new accomplishments to new state of affairs that would go on in mundane contexts. Back to Malaysia, Joginder Singh et Al. ( 2011 ) reported that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrated best pattern in many countries but fail to make in some other countries when supplying services to pre-symbolic kids. Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction which consist the coaction of household centred, squad direction and culturally appropriate services is found barely practiced ( Lim 2008-unpublish ) ; Diane 2011 ; Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Othman 2010 ) . Furthermore, Lian A ; Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists were likely to trust on informal appraisals because formal appraisals are limited in the local market. When measuring pre-symbolic kids, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists showed low trust of roll uping communicating sample and roll uping informations out of clinic ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . Looking into intercession pattern, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrate different inte rcession attacks and techniques across different scenes ( Lian A ; Abdullah 2001 ) . In other custodies, Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems and assistive engineerings are non famously introduced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists to better the efficiency of the intervention plan ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . 2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS How Malayan Speech Language Pathologists holistically manage kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? What are the recommendations for better pattern suggested by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage? 3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 3.1 General Objective To analyze Malayan Speech Language Pathologists ‘ patterns in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. 3.2 Specific Aims To find the specific clinical constituents practiced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage as are attacks used, assessment, planning and intervention. To find the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. To depict the recommendations suggested by Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians of better pattern in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. 4.0 METHODOLOGY 4.1 Research Design This is a cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative survey via study. 4.2 Sampling Population The population of this survey covers all Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. 4.3 Study Site Participants will be recruited from all 14 provinces in Malaysia. 4.4 Sampling Method Purposive sampling method is used for this survey. All participants who fulfill the inclusion standards ( Please refer to 4.6 ) will be recruited. 4.5 Sampling Frame The contact lists of Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) and Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) will be obtained in order to administer the study to all alumnas members. The study will be besides mailed or/and posted to all Speech Language Pathologists working with Ministry of Health and to all members listed in the directories of local professional organic structures ( i.e. Malayan Association of Speech-Language A ; Hearing ( MASH ) and others ) . 4.6 Sample Inclusion Criterion Participants inclusion standards: Qualified Speech Language Pathologists and practising locally. However, Speech Language Pathologists who have non had experience in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage will be indicated in the study to return the study without farther responses ( Please refer Appendix A ) . 4.7 Sample Size Calculation Aishah ( 2012-unpublish ) reported that there are 175 SLPs registered in the UKM and USM alumni from local universities by the twelvemonth 2011. Besides Speech Language Pathologists who have obtained their makings locally, Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from overseas are besides included in the survey, with the status that they are presently practising locally. Hence, the population of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists is estimated to be between the scope of 175 to 250 Speech Language Pathologists. The mean of the scope of 210 Speech Language Pathologists will be used as N, in the undermentioned computation: I†¡A?NP ( 1-P ) = 3.84 ten ( 210 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 1-0.5 ) dA? ( N-1 ) + I†¡A?P ( 1-P ) 0.05A? ( 210-1 ) + 3.84 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) = 137 participants Happening of backdown and bead out of 10 % is farther considered in the sample size computation. Entire topics = nn__ 1-0.1 = _137_ 0.9 = 152 participantssubjects Therefore, a sum of 152 topics participants will be recruited in this survey. 6.54.8 Data Collection The study utilized for this survey is adapted from several surveies that focus on happening similar results on SLP patterns ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ; Mustaffa Kamal et Al. 2012 ; Othman 2010 ; Stuck 2012 ) . The study is constructed utilizing English because the participants involved in this survey are qualified Malayan Speech Language Pathologists who have English proficiency. The study contains the undermentioned subdivisions: Part A: Demographic Data Part B: Specific Clinical Components 7 parts that are Demographic informations, Approaches used, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Opinions sing bing issue and Recommendations of better pattern. Close-ended inquiries utilizing 5 points LikertLikert grading and multiple picks are included in the study. Besides, and open-eopen-ended inquiries are besides included. nded inquiries are included. ( Please refer to Appendix A ) . Survey and information sheet will be distributed to the Speech Language Pathologists SLPs via electronic mail and/or gpost. QuestionPro ‘s online study package will be used to administer the study via electronic mail. Meanwhile, Ffor Speech Language Pathologists SLPs who will have the study and information sheet via postmailing, a reply-paid envelope is included for them to return the study. SLPs will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire study indicate consent to take part in this survey. A follow-up reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent to Speech Language Pathologists SLP ten 10 yearss after the initial distribution. A 2nd reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent 2 hebdomads subsequently. 64..96 Validity and Reliability of Survey The study will be piloted on 10 participants. Concept, content and face cogency will be determined by modifying the points consequently ( following the pilot survey ) through feedback from the participants. To find how closely related the set of points are grouped in the study, internal dependability of the study constituents will be assessedachieved by ciphering Cronbach ‘s Alpha Coefficientusing Cronbach ‘s alpha. This will demo how closely related the set of points are as a group in the study. 6.74.10 Statistical Trial The quantitative informations obtained from closed-ended inquiries in the study will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. From the study, 11 out of 20 closed-ended inquiries are farther divided into sub-items. Hence, factor analysis via chief component analysis ( PCA ) is used as a information decrease technique. Items in the study that measured the same implicit in concept will be grouped together. Analysis method used by Mathers-Schmidt A ; Kurlinski ( 2003 ) will be adopted in this survey. Descriptive statistics ( per centums ) of the grouped-items is calculated to look into the grade of which specific clinical constituents are used. First, to find which specific clinical constituents of Speech Language PathologistsSLPs ‘ pattern are most normally used, the per centum of responses for each reply option ( ne’er, seldom, sometime, normally, or ever ) will be calculated. Percentages of response for option â€Å" normally † and â€Å" ever † are combined. The specific clinical constituents are so categorized into 3 groups: ( 1 ) constituents usually/always used by 90 % or more of the topics ; ( 2 ) constituents usually/always used by 50-90 % of the topics ; and ( 3 ) constituents usually/always used by less than 50 % of the topics. Second, consistence of the specific clinical constituents practiced by the topics will be determined. The information will be categorized as follows: ( 1 ) extremely consistent-75 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 2 ) reasonably consistent-50-75 % topics indicated the same frequence of usage ; ( 3 ) and inconsistent-less than 50 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage for a peculiar clinical constituent. 6.84.11 Research Procedure 6.94.12 Gantt Chart Year/Month Undertaking Activities 2012 2013 July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Literature Review Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Proposal Presentation Ten SurveyDevelopment Ten Ten Ten Application for Ethical motives Ten Ten Pilot Study Ten Ten Data Collection Ten Ten Ten Ten Datas Analysis Ten Ten Ten Ten Report Writing Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Ten Concluding Presentation Ten 6.104.13 Information Sheet and Consent Form The information sheet that will administer to the topics is attached in Appendix B. Meanwhile, the topics will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire indicate their consent to take part in this survey. How to cite Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay, Essay examples

Forgiveness Essay Example For Students

Forgiveness Essay Forgiveness Essay, What can it do? by Jennifer Loeffler Nearly every person on the earth holds a grudge or emotion inside of him or her self that tears them apart. The feeling of mistrust, hurt, and anger wrapped into one ball. This may seem all too familiar, however not one human being can deny holding one of these feelings at some point in time. Of all the diseases and illnesses this plagues all the people of the world. Im talking about the emotions we hold inside until we forgive the one who had caused pain on our life. How much can a person forgive? This is the question that we all must ask ourselves. This is the question that Mitchell Wright had to ask himself. We all recall the event that took place on March 34 of last year (1998). That was the day that two middle school boys decided to play sniper. Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden killed four of their classmates and one teacher, Mrs. Wright. Four families lost a child and one son lost his mother. Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden pulled the fire alarm to lure the students and teachers outside, they planned to shoot above the heads of their classmates and teachers, however that is far from what it seemed. Though the two boys cried that they only planned to only give students and teachers a scare, they fired 22 shots. Five shots, fired by Johnson, directly hit one student in the head, two girls in the knee area, and Mrs. Wright in the chest and knee area. This did not and to this day does not feel or look like a joke. So how can those families go on? How is Mitchell Wright going to explain to his son how why is mother is gone? Most importantly, how will those two boys be forgiven for taking the lives of five loved and loving people? The answer to all of these is in one word, forgiveness. This word hold much more than the words, I forgive you, Im sorry, rather they involve reaching in to the bottom of your heart and soul, and confrontation. These two may not seem to go together but more than we realize, they do. Research and facilities have been created and built to study the effects that forgiving and not forgiving have on people. Everett Worthington is the director of the Templeton Foundation Campaign for Forgiveness Research. Worthington is a psychologist in Virginia who studies the physiological effects of forgiveness among chimpanzees and on the pulse and sweat glands of humans. Imagine sitting in a chair with electrodes stuck to your head, a tone plays in the back round and a memory comes to mind, one that you hold a grudge for, and you begin to act it out. Another tone plays and a pleasant memory of empathizing comes to mind. For 16 seconds you rehearse each memory that is brought on by a different tone, while your heart rate and blood pressure are constantly measured. This is what would happen if you were to volunteer at the research facilities at Templeton. Those who did volunteer were subject to this testing, and for many it was a lesson to learn that they need to forgive. The results of the heart ate and blood pressure showed robust differences between those memories that were tied to a grudge versus those that were tied with forgiveness. This was not surprising to some but for others it was a slap in the face. Robert Enright, a few years ago, trashed the idea that forgiveness had any effect on health. He was quoted as saying, Only wimps forgive. Enright is a psychology at the University of Wisconsin, now says that they are really on a roll. With the results showing that the stress level was significantly higher when a person considered revenge. Although the person may laugh and joke about such and event internally the signs show that it is harmful if enough is endured. Nelson Mandela Essay The typical time for this reconciliation to take place was on Thursday of Holy Week before the Baptisms took place. The reason it was done at this time was because the early Church believed that both Baptism and Penance were both sacraments that brought about forgiveness of sins and that they should be prepared for at the same time. It was just this type of thinking that also led the early Church to the belief that the sacrament could only be received once. This time of preparation, for the Sacrament of Reconciliation,has come to be what we refer to now as the liturgical season of Lent. This belief that the sacrament could only be received once and due to the strict penance received for sins it became customary among Christians of these earlier centuries .

Spousal Abuse In Their Eyes Were Watching free essay sample

God Essay, Research Paper The subject of force is really apparent in Zora Neale Hurston? s novel, ? Their Eyess Were Watching God. ? One of these apparent violent actions is bridal maltreatment. Harsh words that can non be recalled are spoken in minutes of choler or emphasis. Verbal and physical maltreatment are every bit old as human relationships. They are ways of asseverating power and keeping authorization, of venting repressed choler, or, in its meanest happenings, an detonation of bibulous rage. Joe asserts his power over Janie by striking her several times? one time, when things go incorrectly in the kitchen and his dinner International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t satisfactory. He strikes her violently in the presence of the porch Sitters after she verbally assaults him in forepart of his friends. Ironically, her attack on him may hold been more dangerous than his revenge on her. The cicatrixs and contusions of his blow heal rapidly, but his debasement in the eyes of his friends, non to advert the chitchat among the adult females, neer goes off. We will write a custom essay sample on Spousal Abuse In Their Eyes Were Watching or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Janie, moving the function of an outwardly compliant married woman, is inside a rebellious adult female, even though she takes Joe # 8217 ; s assaults without physically striking back. She is systematically presented as being a little individual, sometimes called # 8220 ; LilBits. ? A blow from her would hold been uneffective. Verbal maltreatment serves her lone excessively good. Janie # 8217 ; s 2nd verbal onslaught on Joe occurs when she knows Joe is on his deathbed. The cruelest thing Janie says to him is that his decease is at hand. He reacts to that intelligence with fright of decease and hate of Janie: â€Å"Ah wish boom and lightnin’ would kill yuh! † he cries. She continues with her vindictive reappraisal of their unhappy matrimony, but it’s excessively late. It falls on unheeding ears. Marriage to Tea Cake promises a better life, but it will non be free from maltreatment. Tea Cake dainties Janie in a manner so wholly different from the manner Joe treated her that she has no demand for a crisp lingua. Unfortunately for Janie, certain criterions of masculine behaviour are expected in the sludge? and dramatic adult females is one of them. Tea Cake hits Janie non because he has any demand to make it in choler but because that is what the work forces and adult females in the sludge expect him to make. They respect a matrimony that contains a few blows to the married woman. Hurston so carefully establishes Tea Cake # 8217 ; s happy-golucky nature and his fondness for Janie that when he strikes her, the reader about looks for an apology from him! Hurston presents wife-beating as a manner of life, yet wife-beating is non limited to age, societal or economic position, colour, or state. Nor is verbal maltreatment on the portion of hubby or married woman bound by any bounds. Janie # 8217 ; s experiences represent a little portion of a cosmopolitan circumstance. This is why the issue of force is apparent in Hurston? s novel.

Singing Spoon Dry Ice Project

Singing Spoon Dry Ice Project The singing spoon or screaming spoon is the name of a dry ice project in which you cause a spoon to make a singing or screaming sound. Heres how to perform the singing spoon project and an explanation for how it works. You may also watch my video of the singing or screaming spoon. Singing Spoon Materials metal spoondry ice Make the Spoon Sing Dip a spoon in hot water.Remove the spoon from the water and press the warm spoon against the cold dry ice. The spoon will cause the dry ice to sublimate into carbon dioxide vapor. Youll hear the spoon emit a sharp vibrating sound sort of like it is singing or screaming. How the Singing Spoon Works When you press the warm spoon against the dry ice, the sublimation speeds up. The carbon dioxide gas that is released presses against the spoon at the same time you are applying pressure to push the spoon into the dry ice. The oscillations in pressure occur very rapidly, producing sound waves. Although youll usually see this demonstration done using a spoon, it works with any metal object. Metal works best because of its high thermal conductivity, but feel free to experiment with other materials.

Fashion Marketing of the Brand Sovereign in the UK Essay

Fashion Marketing of the Brand Sovereign in the UK - Essay Example The dip in revenue can be directly associated with the fall in consumer spending as the prolonged recessionary phase of the UK economy triggered a shortage of jobs, non-availability of consumer credit and decline in disposable income of the consumers (ibisworld.co.uk, 2013). A trend that was noticed in the UK apparel market in the year 2012 is that a large majority of the consumers are opting for either economy apparel or premium apparel. The focus of the consumers was mostly on buying apparels that can be worn on multiple occasions. However, during this period of slow domestic growth, the UK apparel market witnessed an increase in product demand from foreign buyers, who were looking forward to capitalizing on a weak currency. Also, as many retailers set up their online presence, the sales through online stores and platforms helped in boosting of sales on a temporary basis. As of the year 2013, the total valuation of the UK apparel market stood at around 3.2 billion pounds. Now, curr ently, with positive developments happening in most of the global economies, the levels of disposable income of the consumers are expected to rise again. This will again trigger a period of strong growth for the UK apparel market, thereby putting it back on the growing revenue trajectory. It is being currently forecasted by market experts that by the year 2018, the UK apparel market will have a cumulative annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 0.7%.

Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) - Essay Example Household public transport miles per week -0.202 -0.074 -0.085 -0.404* -0.176 0.558** Total leisure miles per household per year 0.584** 0.451* 0.424* 0.398* 0.397* -0.05 -0.161 Total household gas and electric bills per annum 0.498** 0.379 0.491** 0.313 0.544** 0.05 0.003 0.153 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), *.Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). C2: Number of Negative Correlations Twelve out of 36 independent correlations are observed to be negative correlations. In which number of public transport users in household negatively correlates with total city CO2 emissions per household per annum, number of household members, average household income per annum, number of cars per household and household car miles per year i.e. r = -0.16, -0.12, -0.188, -0.443, -0.235 respectively. Similarly we observe that there re some more negative correlations like Household public transport miles per week verses total city CO2 emissions per household per annum, number of household members, average household income per annum, number of cars per household and household car miles per year i.e. r = -0.202, -0.074, -0.085, -0.404 and -0.176 respectively. Finally we observe that total leisure miles per household per year also negatively correlates with the variables number of public transport users in household and household public transport miles per week i.e. calculated as r = -0.0 5 and -0.161 respectively. C3: r = 0.889 is the most strongly correlated correlation value which has measured by household car miles per year verses total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C4: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = 0.889 indicates a very good...r = -0.202, -0.074, -0.085, -0.404 and -0.176 respectively. Finally we observe that total leisure miles per household per year also negatively correlates with the variables number of public transport users in household and household public transport miles per week i.e. calculated as r = -0.05 and -0.161 respectively. C4: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = 0.889 indicates a very good linear relationship between household car miles per year and total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. Since r2 = 0.7903, we can say that about 79% of the variation in the household car miles per year is accounted for by a linear relationship with total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C5: r = -0.16 is the least strongly correlated correlation coefficient value which has measured by number of public transport users in household verses total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C6: Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = -0.16 indicates a strongly weak linear relationship between number of public transport users in household and total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. Bivariate

Effect of the Roman Invasion on Religion

Effect of the Roman Invasion on Religion The Celtic Christianity. Christianity probably came to Britain with the Roman legions, the spread of the faith being certainly helped by the infrastructure of the Roman Empire, resulting in the gradual conversion of the various Celtic people to the Christian faith. Thus a strong and lively Celtic church existed in Britain and Ireland before the Germanic invasions took place. We know that there were British bishops at church councils at Arles, 314 AD, and Rimini, 359 AD. There are records of the martyrdoms of Alban, Julius and Aaron. Such great numbers of Celts were converted that to be British and Celtic meant to be Christian. After the legions left there appear to have been some 150 years of warfare in Britain between the invading Anglo-Saxons and the original Celtic inhabitants. So when Augustine came from Rome in 596 he came into the conflict between the Anglo-Saxon conquerors and an indigenous church among a persecuted people. [literally from the site!] The Celtic Christianity is the first form of Christianity that has been practiced in England and Ireland. (around 400 AD) In the 4th century, it really established itself by mixing the characteristic Celtic features with the religion. Once the Romans withdrew themselves, the Roman and Celtic Christianity started to evolve differently. In the 5th and 6th century a lot of Celts were converted because of missionaries. In Ireland, the Celtic Christianity is characterized by its cloisters. Celtic Christianity is the earliest form of Christianity in Great Britain and Ireland. Christianity reached Britain in the 2nd century, during the Roman occupation. It was not until the second half of the 4th century that the characteristic Celtic elements were mixed properly with the rest of the church. After the Romans had withdrawn from Britain, the Roman and Celtic Christianity had been apart for almost 200 years and had the opportunity to develop separately. The 5th and 6th century were marked by widespread conversions by the arrival of many missionaries. Ireland developed a church structure which was entirely based on monasteries. Because there existed no central authority of the Celtic church, there were many variations occurring in monastic rules and the rules of the liturgy. The Roman and the Celtic church met again in 597, when Augustine of Canterbury led a delegation of clergies to Britain. This meeting showed that there were many differences between the views of the two movements. The big difference between the Roman Catholic and Celtic Christianity led to the Synod of Whitby in 664. The decisions that were taken, were detrimental to the Celts. The Irish monastic rules were replaced with the rules of the Benedictines and strict adherence to Catholic doctrine was enforced. The decree of Whitby had no immediate effect. Especially Devon, Cornwall and Scotland continued to protest against the new form of Christianity. This resulted in the presence of a Celtic monastery on Iona (Scotland) until the 13th century, which then was replaced by a Benedictine abbey. However, Christianity in Britain began to adapt increasingly to the Roman Catholicism. Despite this, Celtic Christianity was passed on orally and there have always remained elements of the former belief in British and Irish churches. After the Reformation of the 16th century the Celtic tradition got offered more and more resistance. Reading the prayers out loud was discouraged and even forbidden, because it was thought that this was a pagan and polytheistic origin. In Scotland a combination of religious persecution and the highland clearances led to the weakening of the Celtic culture. But even this did not lead to the end of the Celtic Christianity. In the early 20th century Celtic prayers were collected in Gaelic and written down due to a resurgence of interest in Celtic literature. Partly because of this there was a growing interest in Celtic Christianity. People protested less against the tradition of pagan elements and more people began to appreciate the religion. Instead of eliminating the ancient Celtic symbols from the religious life, the Christian missionaries took over many customs of the pagan faith. Some of these traditions are still clearly seen in the Christian faith, and not just in Great Britain and Ireland. The old gods were largely held in honour, only now they were depicted as saints. The most famous example is Brighid, who became a saint with the same name after the arrival of Christianity. Jesus, the son of God, took the place of the sun god Lugh. His symbol, the cross, was added to the solar disk and so was the symbol that we know today as the Celtic cross Iona. Many sacred sites were converted to Christian places of significance. Lindisfarne, for example, was a place where the Celts worshiped their gods in the open air. On the island a church was built which became important later. The belief in the Otherworld, ensured that in almost the whole Christian world, the contact between people did not stop after death, but continued in the form of prayers and thoughts. But of course there also are differences between the Celtic Christianity and Roman Catholicism. The Celtic Christian religion is based on smaller groups of believers than the Roman Catholics, who interpret their own religion. This is partly because of the division of Celtic society: the importance of a family or clan was much larger than the importance of a country or a king. Another reason is that they dont care that much about exact rules but want to confess their faith in their own way. The fact that Celtic Christianity is different to Roman Catholicism in several ways, is largely due to the language barrier and the remoteness of the area. One of the most known differences with the Roman Catholicism is the determination of the date of Easter. There are several ways to do this, and those ways have changed and refined through the centuries. After the establishment of the Celtic Church, there was a time where there was relatively little contact with the rest of Europe and when that contact was renewed, it appeared that the Roman Catholic Church had adopted a different system. Several Celtic parishes practiced this system, while others maintained the old system. There is a striking difference in the conception of the original sin. The Catholic saint Augustine argued that the original sin was caused by Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit in Paradise, and that this sin was transmitted to their offspring and therefore all people. To get rid of the original sin, people had to live by the Bible and fulfil Gods will. The Celtic monk Pelagius, however, claimed that this original sin did not exist and that a good and sinless life would be enough to go to heaven. A final difference is the experience of God by the Celtic Christians. According to them, God is not separated from his creation and the major example of this is Jesus. Believers see the universe as a body, from which God is the head, and the cosmos the body. The cosmos can perform Gods will, just like the brain tells the fingers what to do. The head joins in the sorrow and the joy of the body. God is also seen as hermaphrodite: both male and female, while Roman Catholicism portrays God as male. That the Catholic doctrine does this, can be explained by the concept of the original sin. Eve, Adams wife, was the first who tasted of the apple and she was the one who encouraged him to eat of the fruit. As Adam didnt pluck the apple himself, but this was encouraged by Eve, she was more sinful than her husband. Partly because of this idea, the role of the woman in the church was kept small. She couldnt fulfil sacred tasks like priests and bishops did. The attitude of the Celtic Christianity was much milder towards women, such as that Irish women could be priests and there was no celibacy. Shortly after the ingestion of Ireland in 1172 the Irish Celtic church was placed under the Roman church and from then there were only men who performed the sacred tasks. The celibacy was introduced shortly after. Constantine I (the Great). Constantine the Great was the son of Constantius Chlorus and Helena, and was a Roman emperor from 306 until his death in 337 AD. He is best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor. He issued the Edict of Milan (313), which proclaimed religious toleration throughout the empire. As the heir when his father died, he soon took possession of Gaul, Spain and Britain. After some victories over Maxentius he also became the master of Italy. In 323 he killed his opponent Linius in battle, and became sole lord of the whole Roman World. A lot of books have been written about the subject. An example of one of those is Constantine, the Miracle of the Flaming Cross by Frank G. Slaughter. According to the stories, Constantine saw a cross in the sky the night before his battle with Maxentius. Accompanied with it were the lines By this thou shalt conquer. Along with the supports of his mother Helena, this should have inspired Constantine to be converted to the Christian belief. The miracle has been defended by several Roman-Catholic historians, but it cannot stand the test of critical examination. It is possible that Constantine has seen something in the skies Constantine was convinced Christianity was on the rise but his conversion was more a change of policy than of character. He retained the office and title of Pontifex Maximus until the very last, a title which nowadays is reserved for the pope as it is represents the highest position in the Church. Furthermore, he wasnt baptised until he felt he was about to die. T his of course so that if there were a Heaven, he would go there, but he didnt have to live a purely Christian life before that. Constantine kept Pagans in the highest positions in his surroundings, and forbade everything which might appear to be an attack of Christianity against Paganism. This is an example of the religious toleration in the Roman empire. Constantine III (usurper) and the end of the Roman reign in Britain. Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine the third), is in Britain also known as Constantine II. He declared himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 407 AD and abdicated in 411. On the 31st of December 406 AD, Barbarian invaders attacked the Western Roman Empire near the Rhine. Along with the disunity of the Roman Empire and the tensions around Gaul, this was one of the factors that caused the Roman Western Empire to waver. At the same moment, the provinces in Britain were in revolt, which resulted in the rise of Constantine. Constantine crossed the English Channel, and assumingly took with him all of the British mobile troops. After several battles with Sarus, he secured the Rhine Frontier and positioned his troops on the passes that led from Gaul into Italy. Constantines movement to Gaul in 407 AD is often referred to as the Roman evacuation of Britain. The current Emperor Honorius in Ravenna (Italy) was having great difficulties maintaining his position. Mutinies from the Roman Army and the abandonment of the western army left Honorius with no significant military power. So when Constantine arrived in Ravenna to negotiate in 409 AD, Honorius eagerly accepted Constantine as his co-emperor. However, Constantines success didnt last long. Later that year, the Barbarian invaders that had attacked before near the Rhine, reached Constantines garrisons near Gaul, broke through them and reached the Pyrenees. Meanwhile, general Gerontius rebelled and arrived in Hispania. Constantine was so occupied by these invasions, that he could not defend Britain against the Saxon pirates since he didnt have any troops to spare. The Roman inhabitants of Britain, upset that Constantine could no longer defend them, rebelled and expelled his officers. This is the definite end of the Roman rule over Britain. Roman Britain split into separate kingdoms but the Romano-Celts continued to fight the Saxon raiders. Roman civilisation slowly broke down: Roman towns continued to be inhabited until the mid-5th century, but then most were abandoned. In the 5th century Roman civilisation in the countryside faded away. Julian the Apostate. Flavius Claudius Julianus, also known as Julian the Apostate, was the last ruler of the Constantinian Dynasty, as well as the last non-Christian Roman Emperor. His goal was to bring back the ancient Roman values in the Empire. Julian was the half-brother of Constantine I. He was a successful army leader, even though he had received no military education whatsoever. With the deaths of Constantine I, Constantine II and Constans, Constantius II was left the sole remaining emperor of the Roman Empire. InÂÂ   355 AD, Julian was made Caesar of the west, as Constantius II felt he needed a permanent representative in Gaul. However, Julian did not agree with the role Constantius had in mind for him. Constantius had thought of Julian more as a figurehead rather than an active ruler, but Julian took every opportunity to participate in the events in Gaul. Constantius attempted to keep some control over Julian, by removing one of Julians important advisors Salutius. This was the beginning of a series of struggles between Constantius and Julian. It almost resulted in a civil war, which was only avoided by the death of Constantius in 361. Constantius II recognized Julian as his rightful successor in his last will. Julians last Christian deed was the burial of Constantius in the Church of Apostles, next to Constantine I. JulianÂÂ ´s personal belief was both pagan and philosophical. Though he received a Christian upbringing, Julian preferred the ancient gods with their leader Zeus above the Christian monotheistic view. Once he became the sole emperor, Julian started a religious reformation. He approved the restoration of Hellenic paganism above Christianity as the state religion. His laws were targeted at the wealthy and educated Christians. He did not aim on destroying Christianity as a whole, but tried to drive it out of the classes that came into contact with governing the empire. He restored pagan temples, removed some of the privileges Christian bishops had received from Constantine and reversed many more favors. On the 4th of February 362 AD, Julian declared another edict. This edict was supposed to guarantee freedom of religion. All religions were equal before the law, and the Roman StateÂÂ   was not allowed to constrain a particular religion. This might not seem to be a direct attack against Christianity, but itÂÂ ´s purpose was to restore and increase the toleration of paganism. Since the past had learned that the persecution of Christians only led to a strengthening Christianity, most of JulianÂÂ ´s actions were intended to unable Christians to organize any resistance against the re-establishment of paganism. In the School Edict, Julian demanded that all public teachers were to be approved by the emperor. This would enable Julian to prevent that Christian teachers could use pagan texts for reading purposes rather than studying the religion. In the Tolerance edict (362) Julian ordered the reopening of some pagan temples, the redeeming of temple properties and so on. Remarkably, Julian also ordered a Jewish temple to be rebuild, probably as an attempt to foster any religion but Christianity. However, the rebuilding failed. This has been prescribed to the Galilee Earthquake of 363, but some Christians say it was divine intervention. Julian wanted to make sure that he could count on the support of the entire Roman Empire. To gain this support, he felt that he had to prove himself, and he thought the Persian Campaign was the perfect occasion to do this. However, things did not go as he pictured it, and he had to withdraw his forces. During the withdrawal, Julians forces were attacked several times by Sassanid forces. In one of these attacks on the 26th of June 363, Julian was wounded. He was treated by his personal physician, but on the third day he died as a result of his injuries. Some historians claimed Julian was killed by a Christian saint, while others reported that one of his own men, a Christian soldier, had thrown the spear that ultimately resulted in Julians death. It is said that JulianÂÂ ´s last words were Vicisti, Galilaee (You have won, Galilean), supposedly expressing his recognition that, with his death, Christianity would become the Empires state religion. Was Julian right with his prediction? We can say Julian was right. As from Jovian, Christianity remained the dominant religion in the empire. Jovian was Julians successor. He was one of Julians guard, and though his election was surprising, he had a great influence on the re-establishment of Christianity. Although his reign only lasted 8 months, he revoked all the edicts Julian had issued against Christianity. However, he did not stop there. By September 363, the situation in the empire had totally changed: One could receive the death penalty for worshipping the ancestral gods, and later for participating in either public or private pagan ceremonies. Jovians successor Valentinian is often considered to be the last great emperor. He was the last emperor to have total control over the empire, and according to historians there has been a visible period of improvement under his reign. Valentinian was only slightly more tolerant against other religions, allowing just a few types of rituals, but prohibiting the practicing of m agic. Importance of Roman Emperors and division within Christianity Though Britain was one of the farthest provinces of the Roman Empire, the Roman rule had a great influence on life in Britain. All the Edicts issued by the emperors were of course to be applied in Britain. Great Britain originally can be seen as a mainly pagan country, but in time this changed. Not only did this happen because of the Irish missionaries, but as well because of the attitude of the emperor. If the emperor was a strict Christian, there was a big chance that people converted themselves to Christianity. This was especially the case under the rule of Jovian and Valentinian, who were strong opponents of Paganism. Because Britain was so far away from the rest of the Roman Empire, Christianity had the possibility to develop itself differently here than in the rest of Europe. This resulted in the Celtic Christianity. This differed from the Roman Christianity in a few ways, such as the calculation of Eastern and the penitentials. There were more forms of Christianity that have b een practiced over time. It was not anything extraordinary if the two sons of an emperor had a different belief. This was the case with the sons of Constantine the Great (see figure 1) and in a intensified way with Julian who was a pagan, and his brothers who were Christians. This made it possible that though both emperors or groups of people were Christian, they fought each other and tried to convert other to their particular form of Christianity. Some examples of oppositions were Catholicism vs. The Orthodox Church, (Semi-)Arianism vs Nicene Creed and so on.